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Edward Barton - A Profile
The beginnings of the Electrical Industry in Queensland have long been attributed to one man whose foresight and tenacity enabled him to fight through adversity and opposition to create the industry we know today. That man was Edward Barton, and this is his story. But it is also the story of others and their part in moulding Edward (Ned) to become the businessman necessary to create and build a successful enterprise.
Today electricity usage is universal, and no matter whether Ned Barton was to succeed or fail, someone would have established the industry locally, as others did elsewhere. My interest is “What made Ned the person with the ability to succeed.” The research material I have used was largely documents from the 1880s & 1890s, held by the Queensland Energy Museum, and inferences which can be drawn from them. Others have written, more ably than I, of the birth and growth of Ned Barton’s business from the historical, factual record, so I don’t propose to revisit that territory, but rather to look into the motivation of the various players to suggest perhaps why history played out as it did.
On the 11th December 1858 in Melbourne, Edward Gustavus Campbell Barton was born to George and Jane Barton. George Elliot Barton trained as a lawyer and was admitted to the Bar in Ireland where he spent only a short time before emigrating to Australia. His wife to be, Jane Crichton Campbell, emigrated from Scotland to Australia, where she met and married George on 6th April 1854.
Edward’s early childhood was spent in Victoria, the family then moving to New Zealand where he attended Otago Boys’ High School. In 1872, at 14 years of age, Edward left home in New Zealand and traveled to Edinburgh, Scotland where he became an apprentice at Miller and Herbert, Engineering Works and Drawing Office. This may seem very young to be leaving home and going to the other side of the world. It may not be as surprising as it sounds, when we remember that Ned’s mother, as Jane Campbell, was an immigrant from Scotland and it is conceivable she still had close relatives back home who could look after Ned, and the opportunities for apprenticeship would be close at hand. Communications and transmigration between Australasia and the “Old Country” were fairly easy and training back “home” was favourably looked upon. ( Even in the 1950s this was still so. ) Also leaving home at age 14 was not all that uncommon.
Then in October 1875, Edward enrolled at Karlsruhe Polytechnic Institute in Germany, studying engineering. While his course did not include electricity as such, the range of subjects included enough to give him a broad appreciation of the requirements of an engineering career in the fledgling electricity industry. On his return to Scotland he rejoined his old employer, now called Herbert and Law. Shortly thereafter he went to London to work for Siemens Bros. & Co. Ltd, working at various lighting projects, eventually to superintend the Godalming, Surrey electric lighting undertaking. On leaving Siemens he received a letter of reference and returned to New Zealand.
When Edward returned to the antipodes after his teenage years spent in Great Britain and Europe, he would have high hopes of benefiting from the opportunities opening up in the electrical field in the rapidly growing colonies of Australia and New Zealand. However in New Zealand this did not prove to be so, and it wasn’t long before Ned was casting about for other opportunities. In a letter from his father, G. E. Barton, written in April 1884, Barton senior agrees with Ned’s fear that electricity holds no future for him. Ned asks his father if he might have a future as a lawyer. As a lawyer himself, Barton senior advises against it. From his letters to his son, he hasn’t had an easy time in the profession. In this letter he berates the profession and his views make fascinating reading. Part of the text is worth recording. “ I think the next generation (the one you will have to flourish in ) will not be a good one for lawyers. A very richly deserved reaction has set in against the whole breed & I think the next generation will see them suffering from that reaction badly. In Dunedin itself their greediness has, along with the wily conduct of the Supreme Court Judges (who for their own purpose and for that of the upper crust have made law suits ruinous to the defeated litigants), crushed out and destroyed the business of the Supreme Court. Thus all contractors and business men are left so that they cannot get their disputes settled as their contracts etc proceed because of the frightful expense, and this inability to have causes of differences set at rest as their work proceeds, paralyses an immense number of trades and of business operations. The public – poor fools – rejoice at litigation being discouraged forgetting that if lawsuits were cheap men could transact their business in safety. For instance – a builder has a dispute with an architect. If he proceeds with his contract leaving the question unsettled he may find in the end he loses hundreds instead of making any profit, which on the other hand if he stops work altogether because he is uncertain of his rights a court will but justify his stoppage for any such reason and so the poor man proceeds in fear and trembling and half paralysed through dread of ruin. The blackguard courts and judges have worked for this and succeeded. I used to work against their knavish tricks and got much thanks for my pains.”
It can be seen George Barton had a colourful turn of phrase.
Over the years in response to Ned’s enquiries, and sometimes in response to his casual comments, Ned received many letters from his father advising him of legal matters, and business matters.
The tone of the letters to Ned written by both his father and mother suggest the family was always sensible to a drive to advance, to get on, and be successful in their endeavours. In her letters Ned’s mother always shows a keen interest in her son’s affairs, and expresses motherly love and concern in his welfare. Jane Barton’s letters indicate that she treats Ned, (and her other children ), as grown-up individuals. She respects them as people able to run their own lives, and not still as her children who have to be told what to do. They are allowed to make their own mistakes, but she is always there for support if things go wrong. Jane is sparing with her overt advice but the occasional pearl of wisdom is offered when she thinks it appropriate. For example in a letter dated 13-9-1887, presumably in response to something Ned has said in a letter to her about his work as Government Electrician, “ I am surprised to find you turning politician – for goodness sake – have no opinion so long as you are in govt. employ.” Or another letter, which speaks volumes :- “It is everything to succeed in life – mind your dress – it is such an important point, economise on anything ( everything ) else, but do not go shabby or unsuitably dressed whatever the occasion may be.” Apart from some work translating some writings into English, and helping her husband from time to time with his profession, she seems to have been a home-body devoting her time to family duties, supervising troublesome servants, and entertaining guests. For all that, her letters reveal her to be well educated, well informed and interested in local and national events, particularly so in the case of New Zealand politics. Perhaps this is because of George Barton’s hopes for a judicial appointment.
While Ned’s mother displays a calm disposition and when needed an ability to act decisively, the same cannot be said of his father. George Barton had a well-earned reputation as having a fiery temperament. It has been written by others how one such fiery outburst in court landed him in jail for contempt of court. He was eventually released when it was found the case being tried should not have been in court. His tendency to fly released the off is evident in some of his letters to Ned, sometimes berating him quite sharply, and this presumably after he had time to sleep over the matter and cool down. I don’t remember reading any letters of Ned’s where he complained of or even commented on this trend. And I only have faint recollection of one letter from Ned’s mother where she alludes to this. Other sources in the research material give plenty of evidence of Barton senior’s fiery nature and some impulsiveness.
The fiery nature doesn’t seem to have passed down to Ned, or if it did he must have kept it well in check. Nor does Ned appear to suffer from impulsiveness, but seems to have inherited his mother’s calmer, more deliberative nature. George’s impulsiveness was certainly passed on to Ned’s brother, Elliot L’Estrange Barton, who was to become a lawyer in New Zealand. The family correspondence indicate that his life would make a fascinating study itself. There is plenty of material. There is less material available on Ned’s sister Nancy, but that which exists indicate a woman more like Ned’s mother. Nancy married George Edward Browne, a Sydney lawyer, and they had seven children. Sadly both parents died leaving the older children, especially George, to look after the young ones, still in school. Their story is an inspiration.
To return to George Barton, George was always battling hard to make a place for himself in his chosen profession. Most of his working life was spent moving from one town to another, both in New Zealand and Australia, trying to “come to notice” so as to establish himself. It was not until his later years when he was appointed a Judge that he became more settled. Even then his new position required travel to different towns to open his court. Much of the time he and his wife lived in rented digs or visited family.
At times George has had thoughts of trying other pursuits to make a living. Late in 1882 he went to U.S.A. to look at prospects there. In correspondence from San Francisco we learn he has bought land to try farming, and he has tried to break into legal work there. Neither seems to have worked and he has sold the land. While George was sussing out the U.S.A. Jane has taken an extended trip to Europe. A number of letters survive from this period, in one of which she describes her stay in Karlsruhe, Germany, where Ned attended the Polytechnic. On George’s return he tried his hand at farming at Tahiki, New Zealand. Through 1883 he bought land and started to develop it, fencing and stocking, and building a three bedroom ( with fireplace ) home. Somehow this didn’t work out and by November of that year he was thinking of selling his horses and cows and going to Sydney to try for work as a law clerk. By his letter of 21st November he has sold his livestock and suggests he may be able to put the money (1500 Pounds) he has to Ned’s use, electrically. ( Ned’s mailing address at this time was care of the Brush Co. Melbourne).
Around this time Ned was having his own problems finding work. Ned first tried in New Zealand but work was not plentiful, so in July 1884 he moved to Melbourne to try his luck in Australia. Without funds of his own he was obliged to work for an employer, usually local agents for overseas suppliers. These included Siemens Bros. (in New Zealand), “Brush Co.” ( Australasian Electric Light and Storage Co. Ltd.), Edison Co. supplying American goods. But the work for each of these was not enough for continuous employment, so Ned seems to have had short and infrequent stints in the new industry. To find work Ned has thoughts of trying a number of different projects. He has sold lubricators and lubricants, has spoken with his father about managing a chemist shop, and other endeavours such as law previously mentioned, and another going into partnership with Bob Lawrence, the details of which he puts to his father. In his reply dated April 1884, Barton senior advises Ned of his legal position if he enters into partnership with Bob Lawrence, how to protect his financial condition if the project does not succeed and how to protect himself from Lawrence’s liabilities. Lawrence seems to have tried his hand at engineering pursuits in New Zealand but without much success and now has latched on to Ned in the hope Ned will finance his manufacturing enterprise. Currently they are considering machinery for the manufacture of paper bags, and perhaps a new concept in sewing machines. With Lawrence’s tools and Barton’s financial backing, and the engineering background they both share, any enterprise of a small engineering nature would be considered. Barton senior is wary of partnerships, especially if one turns out to be a rogue. He reminds Ned of his experience with Coley Burke and with Alex McMaster. Seems George has had problems with previous legal friends and acquaintances, and he will have more in the future.
In May 1884 George Barton thinks of giving up his present work (“doing almost nothing “) and joining Ned in the proposed business of manufacturing. Meanwhile Ned is writing to his father with details of the proposed undertaking and Barton senior in his replies is advising Ned of how to go about it. Or rather, pointing out the shortcomings and folly of some of Ned’s proposals and trying to point out the right way. This advice continues through the years as Ned looks at new schemes, even through the life of Barton & White and Brisbane Electrical Supply Co. The advice isn’t only of a legal nature, but also in the business management sense. He draws on his own experience, (and no doubt examples from legal cases), in his efforts to guide his son.
When Edward Barton came to Brisbane he worked for a while for Siemens Bros., but this employment ran out and some time thereafter went to work for Alfred Shaw & co. as their “Electrical Engineer”. This Alfred Shaw & Co. was managed by Thomas E White, as a partner with a substantial financial interest in the firm. Later Ned was appointed Government Electrician, and while holding this position teamed up with C F White, brother of T E White, who ran a business retailing electrical equipment, bells etc to form the Barton & White Co. No doubt it suited T E White to give his backing to the new firm as it would provide an outlet for the goods sold by his company. The initial forming of the partnership and its financial backing appear to have been a loose arrangement and included another White brother, Albert White, making it a three way partnership. Not much is known of the third partner and he seems to have disappeared from the scene early in the arrangement. However T E White, although not a partner, was to play a large part all through the life of the firm from his position of financial backing. From the earliest days of Barton and White , George Barton was wary of T E White and his motives. Because the financial backing came from T E White, Edward only putting in his experience and electrical knowledge, Barton senior was repeatedly warning his son to expect that when Ned had “trained up” Frank White to be able to attend the electrical work, T E would have no further use for Ned and he would be elbowed out of the firm.
Another person with possibly a much larger influence than previously acknowledged on Ned’s thinking was E J Holmes of A McDermaid & Co. Holmes was to become the first Chairman of Directors of Brisbane Electrical Supply Co. Mention is made of him in letters from the earliest days of Barton, White & Co. For example, Ned’s father comments in his letter of 24th March 1888 “Your McDermaid who puts his hand on your shoulder and tells you always to come to his Mr Holmes when you want a couple of hundred pounds ---- By all that is lovely, a few slices of McDairmaid jelly standing on a base of Holmes cake would be just the thing for us over here.” This no doubt in response to a letter from Ned to the effect that A McDermaid through Holmes is willing to assist the B & W firm financially, if requested.
Very little is recorded of Holmes’ involvement but he seems to have been a close confidant of Ned’s, particularly in the later stages of Barton & White leading up to the firm’s liquidation. It is interesting to speculate on Holmes’ part about this time. Although his employer A McDermaid & Co. was one of the creditors of Barton & White at the time of their liquidation, (and creditors were eventually to receive only four shillings and four and five-eights pence in the pound, equivalent to about 22cents in the dollar in today’s currency ), still Homes had enough confidence in Ned and his new company to invest heavily and to become it’s first Chairman. Ned seems to have briefly mentioned Holmes to Barton senior in the lead up to Barton & White’s liquidation, but Barton senior because he has little to say of Holmes doesn’t seem to be aware of the important part Holmes plays. It could be that Ned had purposely not told his father, because Barton senior expressed surprise at Ned’s quick and decisive action at buying the assets of the old firm and on-selling them to the new Brisbane Electrical Supply Co. Ned had much more to tell his father about the actions of Alfred Shaw & Co. and their employee Mackenzie and their manager T E White, as well as the bank managers.
Many events and circumstances came about at the right time for Ned to be able to progress his endeavours to establish his industry. For a start he was lucky to have been able to receive an engineering apprenticeship and polytechnique education, thanks no doubt to his parents and their families. Also he was fortunate to work for Siemens Bros learning practical aspects of the fledgling electrical industry. The importance of this background when applied in cities (and towns ) of the colonies to introduce electricity cannot be overestimated. Next, without his father’s legal advice and business conduct guidance and warnings, (and also his mother’s advice ), he would have been at the mercy of bankers and other businessmen who would have made mincemeat of him and his efforts would probably have failed. The financial reward from his part time work as consultant Government Electrician enabled him to sustain himself for years when his firm was not able to pay him an adequate salary. Without the Government salary he must have certainly failed. Another influence not so evident was the fact that if he could not make a go of it he would be out of work and work was hard to come by as he found through the 1880’s. He would probably have been obliged to move elsewhere. Without his dogged tenacity he could easily have given up and moved to another city, colony, or country. His mother at one time suggested he would be appreciated in London, and his father had also suggested Sydney or Melbourne, and at one time even encouraged him to try in U S A. I do feel however, that failure in Brisbane would be hard to bear and be a blow to his self confidence and self respect.
By the mid 1990’s Ned had come to the realization that there was no way out of the bind that the firm of Barton & White was locked into. Progressing further would only put the firm deeper in debt, and run the risk of trading while insolvent, which his father had long ago warned against saying that there was no worse sin a businessman could commit. Ned tried unsuccessfully on a number of occasions to sell the concern but it would be doubtful if the proceeds of such a sale could have cleared the debts. By this time he had come to accept Barton senior’s constantly stated belief that the only real asset in the business was Edward Barton himself. Others were also of the same opinion, including presumably E J Holmes who by now seems to be Ned’s most trusted adviser.
Other writers when describing this period have suggested that the White brothers were the villains of the piece when it came to the demise of Barton & White. I am not nearly so certain since Ned’s letters have little to say of this to his parents, or to other correspondents. Of course Ned may have had more to say verbally to his close confidants, perhaps not wanting to commit his feelings to paper. The impression gained is that in the early days Ned was “rather sanguine”, (one of his favourite expressions ), in his feelings toward Frank White. He seems to feel that Frank is rather helplessly pushed around by circumstances, by his brother Thomas White, and other business people. Ned doesn’t express any unease he may feel about any threat from Frank, rather he feels Frank is in the same boat as himself, but Frank lets himself be pushed around. Neither does Ned have much to say of Thomas White. This may be because he knows his father’s feelings about Thomas White and doesn’t want to trigger further terse comment from him, or maybe Ned doesn’t feel upset or threatened by Thomas White --- he may feel T E White is acting reasonably and not in a prejudicial way toward Barton & White, or yet again Ned relies on Thomas White for electrical supplies and also credit by way of promissory notes, in which case he wouldn’t want to fall out of favour.
The records surviving at Queensland Energy Museum regarding White’s dealings in the formation of Barton, White & Co. are scant so it is difficult to build up a reliable picture, however those records that do exist suggest the following scenario:- T E White, as manager of the Brisbane operations of Alfred Shaw & Co., Ironmongers, with a financial stake in that business, imported electrical equipment notably Edison dynamos, lamps, and other products, and in this capacity employed electricians to do the installation work. Presumably maintenance and repair as well. For a time Edward Barton worked for the firm before taking up a position as Government Electrician. (The previous Government Electrician, Tomlinson, had also previously worked for Alfred Shaw & Co, as had Matheson, another previous Government Electrician.) F C White, T E’s brother conducted his own business in Creek St, (otherwise unconnected with A Shaw & Co,) from which he sold agency lines. The early proposal would seem to have been that Edward Barton, for an input of ninety pounds to Frank White’s business, which was having difficulty paying it’s workers, would go into partnership with Frank White to do the electrical work. Albert White, another brother was to be the third (sleeping) partner, putting in five hundred pounds, each partner to own an equal third of the company. It seems probable that T E White was the prime mover of the scheme and probably put up the five hundred pounds in Albert’s name so as not to be seen as associated with the new company. It would probably suit T E White, from the perspective of Albert Shaw & Co, to have Barton White, & Co. to do his electrical work and also to be an outlet for his electrical goods.
During the first year of Barton, White & Co the foregoing arrangement was probably never formalized by way of contract etc. and Ned was to become very lukewarm to the prospects of the company. Albert White seems to have disappeared from the scene and the partnership becomes only Ned and Frank White. T E White from now on is more evident behind the scene, his company, A Shaw & Co, looking after the books (accounting) for Barton, White & Co. Although mentioned in letters, this situation was not officially recognized, Frank White ostensively looking after the bookwork. F Geo. White of Melbourne was another White mentioned, before whom Ned ran a proposal to acquire extra generating plant to enlarge the business. I don’t know where he fitted into the scheme, but his approval seems to have been sought.
The Barton letters show that Ned had very little knowledge of bookkeeping during the first several years, so much so that right at the beginning his mother urges him to at least study it even at a rudimentary level, and his father bemoans Ned’s lack of knowledge, vaguely hinting that the Whites may be manipulating the figures to their advantage and to Ned’s disadvantage. Whatever the situation, it would seem unlikely that T E White would find it in his interest to pursue such a course. For a start, hurting the company would necessarily hurt his brother, and possibly his brother’s other business, in which case he would be obliged to help his family member out of difficulty. But perhaps more importantly as financial backer of Barton and White, both personally and as manager of A Shaw & Co. (in which we previously noted he had a financial interest, and which company extended credit to Barton & White), T E White personally stood to make a loss if Barton & White went to the wall.
Eric Andrews, Volunteer, Queensland Energy Museum Inc.
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